Diary for my daughter 29.04.2022 - Ieremia Movilă/Simion Movilă/Mihail Movilă/Constantin Movilă/Ștefan IX Tomșa/Alexandru Movilă/Radu Mihnea/Gaspar Graziani

 

Hello My little penguin 🐧! Tata here!

Hope you're well and listen to your mummy!

Tata has a flu today 🤧! But I still survive :)) . Toady is not so warm outside and is cloudy. Traffic is quite well today, not so busy . Last night I was editing and uploading your Sunday special , will be on like usual Sunday at 10 . For the moment I can't start to prepare myself for the next Sunday special whit that flu , so for the moment  I don't have any idea what will be about , but , what I know , I know now is time for your stories... 

Ieremia Movilă 

Ieremia Movilă (Polish: Jeremi Mohyła Ukrainian: Єремія Могила), (c. 1555 – 10 July 1606) was a Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia between August 1595 and May 1600, and again between September 1600 and July 10, 1606.

Rule

A boyar of the Movilești family, Ieremia was placed on the throne in Iași by Polish Kanclerz (Chancellor) and hetman Jan Zamoyski after the ousting of Ștefan Răzvan. Zamoyski's intervention had been prompted by Răzvan's acceptance of Imperial tutelage over Moldavia, after having received backing from Transylvanian Prince Sigismund Báthory and Emperor Rudolf II. The potential conflict with the country's Ottoman overlord was defused after the Poles negotiated an agreement with Sinan Pasha, although Moldavia was invaded by the Khan of Crimea and Ottoman vassal Ğazı II Giray. Poland and the Turks signed the Treaty of Cecora after the defeat of Tatar troops in October, with the Porte agreeing to Ieremia's rule. Moldavia became a vassal of both countries, still owing tribute to the Ottomans. Ştefan Răzvan tried to return on the throne, but he was faced with the ruthless resistance of Zamoyski and Movilă, being captured and impaled.

Ieremia's rule faced a more formidable foe in Wallachian Prince Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul), who, after having crushed Andrew Báthory's armies in Transylvania and installed himself Prince in Alba Iulia, turned on Moldavia.

Michael managed to conquer virtually all of the country (except for Polish-occupied Hotin) and sent his troops to fight the Commonwealth presence in Pokuttya. The tide quickly turned, with hetmans Stanisław Żółkiewski and Jan Karol Chodkiewicz obtaining crucial victories in Moldavia itself and taking the fighting into Wallachia (see Battle of Bukowo), briefly expanding Polish rule to the main section of the Danube and placing Ieremia on back on his throne, with his brother Simion the new Prince in Bucharest. In the meanwhile, Michael was assassinated at Câmpia Turzii in by his Imperial ally Giorgio Basta, with Transylvania becoming an Imperial fiefdom.

With the start of the Polish-Swedish War, Poland had to retreat from Wallachia. Simion was deposed by the Ottomans, and replaced with Radu Şerban in 1601; Poland managed to keep control of Moldavia.

During his rule, Ieremia rebuilt the Suceviţa Monastery.

Family

Ieremia's mother was Maria (d. between 1614 and 1616), daughter of Petru Rareş. He was married to the Hungarian lady Elzbieta Csomortany de Losoncz (d. in Istanbul cca. 1617), whose influence was instrumental in a rise in Roman Catholicism in early 17th century Moldavia.

His sons were all successive Moldavian rulers, while his daughters were married into Polish and Ruthenian noble Szlachta families: Anna Mohyła (1579–1667) to Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki in 1658 or 1661, Maria (d. December 10, 1638) to Stefan Potocki, Raina Mohyła (d. ca.1619) to Michał Wiśniowiecki, Catherina Movilă (died 1618) to prince Samuel Korecki.

Simion Movilă 

Simion Movilă (after 1559  – 14 September 1607), a boyar of the Movileşti family, was twice Prince of Wallachia (November 1600 – June 1601; October 1601 – July 1602) and Prince of Moldavia from July 1606 until his death.

Family

He was the grandson of Petru Rareș, younger brother of Ieremia Movilă, and father of Peter Mogila, who became the Metropolitan of Kiev, Halych and All-Rus' from 1633 until his death, and later was canonized as a saint in the Russian, Romanian and Polish Orthodox Churches.

Biography

In the early 1580s, Simion, along with his brothers, built Sucevița Monastery.

In October 1600, he was put on the throne of Wallachia by Polish forces.

In August 1602, Simion was defeated by Radu Șerban and forced into exile to Moldavia.

After the death of his brother Ieremia in July 1606, Simion gained the Moldavian throne. By making rich gifts, Simion managed to be recognized by the sultan. While he was ruler of Moldavia, he had hostile relations with the Poles.

Death

He died on September 14, 1606 after a reign of only a year and a few months. His death was suspected to be the result of poisoning, which only further inflamed tensions around succession. This eventually spiralled into war, which was eventually won by his son Mihail after Polish support.

Simion was buried at the Sucevita Monastery.

Mihail Movilă 

Mihail Movilă (? – 1608) was the prince of Moldavia for a short time in 1607.

Life

He was the elder son of Simion I Movilă and became prince of Moldova after the death of his father in September 1607.

He was thrown from the throne the following month by his cousin Constantin Movilă, pushed by his mother, the ambitious Erzsébet Csomortany de Losoncz, widow of Prince Ieremia Movilă.

He tried to regain his throne in November 1607 but was forced into exile the following month in the court of Radu Șerban in Wallachia, where he eventually died.

Constantin Movilă 

Constantin Movilă (1594 – July 1612) is the Prince of Moldavia from 1607 to 1611. The son of Prince Ieremia Movilă and driven by his mother, the ambitious Erszébet Csomortany de Losoncz, he twice seized the Moldovan throne at the expense of his cousin Mihai Movilă, son of Simion I Movilă in 1607.

In 1610 he welcomed Prince Radu X Șerban of Wallachia who was exiled. The following year he was dethroned by Ștefan Tomșa, the second son of the ephemeral prince of Moldova, Ștefan VII Tomșa.

As a refugee in Poland, he attempted to regain the throne leading an army assembled by his Polish brothers-in-law. Defeated at the Battle of Cornul lui Sas, he had to pass the Dniester river again, but once on the left side of the bank, he was captured by the Tatars. He escaped but then drowned in the river in July 1612 at the age of about 17

Ștefan IX Tomșa 

Stefan Tomşa IX (or II), (? – after 1623) of Moldavia was Prince of Moldavia for two reigns, in 1611–1615 and in 1621–1623. His reigns were concurrent with the period of Romanian and Eastern European history known as the Moldavian Magnate Wars, a long conflict in the early modern states of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania, in which the Moldavian state was alternatively influenced by the Austrian Habsburgs, the Ottoman Empire, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was placed on the throne of Moldavia in 1611 following the deposition of the preceding Prince, Constantin Movila by the Ottomans, in the same year as Radu Mihnea was placed on the throne of neighboring Wallachia.

Biography

Records of Stefan Tomsa's life before taking the throne report that he served as a professional soldier and mercenary in many European conflicts, including in the service of Henri of Navarre and taking part in a siege of the Spanish town of Jaca. He married a western woman named Ginevra, whom he remained married to when he became the Prince of Moldavia. Stefan Tomsa then served under the Polish King Stefan Bathory, before moving on to the Ottoman Empire, where he took part in the wars between Safavid Persia and the Ottoman Empire, during which he probably became well known to the Ottoman authorities.

Stefan's origins are unknown, but he claimed to be the son of Prince Ștefan Tomșa VII of Moldavia, a claim which was supported by the Ottomans, who maintained close relations with their client Prince as part of their developing struggle with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Stefan's relations with the Commonwealth, however, were less than cordial, and his first reign would be beset by conflict with the Polish aligned members of Moldavia's nobility and the powerful Movila family.

In addition to taking part in battles with the Polish and the Movilești, Stefan Tomsa IX was also known for his extensive building projects, including a large monastery in the village of Solca, and for attempting to improve the lives of the poor in curbing the power of the major boyars.

Wars with the Polish

In 1612, the Movilas and their allies, which included influential Moldavian boyars and statesmen Nicoară Prăjescu, Stroici, Dumitru Buhuș, and Pătrașcu Ciogolea pleaded for support from Poland. The deposed Constantin Movila returned to Moldavia with the support of an invading Polish army under Stefan Potocki and the Polish Field Hetman, Stanisław Żółkiewski. Tomsa raised an army which included mercenaries, Ottomans, and a sizable detachment of Crimean Tartars under his ally, the powerful Khan Temir (or Cantemir) Bey to meet them. The two sides met near Iasi, at the Battle of Cornul lui Sas. Stefan Tomsa's forces were victorious, and relations between the Turks and the Poles continues to deteriorate which culminated in the Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621). Constantin Movila died after the battle while crossing the Dniester as a prisoner of the Tartars.

Despite Stefan Tomsa's defeat of the Polish detachment, troubles persisted between him and many of the leading boyars. These manifested in revolts in 1613 and 1615, which were both suppressed. However, Moldavia was invaded again by the Poles in late 1615, who defeated Stefan Tomsa and made him flee the country. The Poles would place Alexander Movila on the throne, the son of the deposed Prince Constantin Movila. Stefan continued to struggle with the Movilas throughout Alexander's reign, with the support of Radu Mihnea. In August of 1616, Alexander Movila was defeated by a Moldavian and Turkish army which included foreign mercenaries. He and other members of his family were captured and sent to Constantinople, where he was executed. Stefan Tomsa was not made ruler of Moldavia as he had lost favor with the Ottoman court after 1615. Radu Minhea instead would rule as Prince of Moldavia until 1619.

Following the Ottoman–Polish War in 1621, Stefan Tomsa returned for a second rule of Moldavia. During his second reign, he attempted to make concessions with his pro-Commonwealth rivals in the nobility. These came to nothing as he was again deposed two years later by the Ottomans, this time permanently. Stefan Tomsa would die in the Bosphorus region of Ottoman Turkey.

Alexandru Movilă 

Alexandru Movilă (1601 – 1620) was Prince of Moldavia from 1615 to 1616.

Life

The second son of Ieremia Movilă and his wife Erszébet Csomortany de Losoncz, he is taken to the throne by his mother after the death of his elder brother Constantin Movilă.

Supported by Poland he succeeded to establish himself as prince of Moldova on November 22, 1615 in the place of Ștefan II Tomșa. His troops were however defeated by the Turks and he was taken prisoner on August 2, 1616 with his younger brother Bogdan. They are sent to Constantinople where they convert to Islam and disappear from history. Their mother who took part in the campaign at the head of the army, is captured at the same time as them. Attributed as a concubine to an Ağa she is locked in a harem, where she dies around 1620.

Radu Mihnea 

Radu Mihnea (1586 – 13 January 1626) was Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia between September 1601 and March 1602, and again between March and May 1611, September 1611 and August 1616, August 1620 and August 1623, and Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia in 1616–1619, 1623–1626. He was the illegitimate son of Mihnea Turcitul by Voica Bratcul.

Modern-style prince & Family Man

Radu Mihnea spent part of his early years in Koper (Capodistria), on Mount Athos and in Greece. His stay in the Serenissima accounts for the pro-Venetian character of his rule, and his interest in reforming the institutions of Wallachia and Moldavia. After completing his studies in Istanbul, Radu became prince of Wallachia at a very important time in Romanian history: following the union of the three principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania under Michael the Brave.

Radu would rule no less than four times in Wallachia and twice in Moldavia. He was loved due to his Renaissance-style and love of the arts. This was due to his upbringing by the monks of Iveron at Mount Athos, Greece. Radu Mihnea died in 1626 in Moldavia, and his body was carried to Bucharest and interred at the Church of Prince Radu. The monastery was protected by the monks of Mount Athos due to Radu's loyalty to his educators. Radu and his wife Arghira had five children, three boys and two girls. These five would be the last surviving direct descendants of Vlad III Dracula. The eldest was Alexandru Coconul.

He replaced Polish vassal Simion Movilă on the throne in Bucharest after the brief occupation of Wallachia by the troops of hetmans Jan Zamoyski and Jan Karol Chodkiewicz. His first rule in the country signified the return to Ottoman control, interrupted since Michael the Brave.

Radu appears to have been interested in a joint rule over Wallachia and Moldavia, and he came closest to achieving it when his third rule over Moldavia was doubled by the reign of son Alexandru Coconul in Wallachia. The subtlety of this gesture is discarded in several sources:

Radulo, who is nowadays Prince in Moldavia, and his son [who is Prince] in Wallachia, [the latter] being very young and overseen by his father (Venetian document of April 11, 1625).

Radulo Voivode, Prince of Wallachia and Moldavia (various documents).

Radu Mihnea's tombstone bears the carving of both countries' seals.

Descendants

An article in a Romanian newspaper in the 1950s acknowledged the death of the last direct male descendant of Radu Mihnea Voda, Dumitru Radulescu(Radu)- a church, artist painter. However, it is not widely known that female descendants of Radu Mihnea do in fact still live in Bucharest. In fact, the bloodline extends as far as a 10th generation, through the continuing lineage of the sister of Dumitru Radu, Rozalia Matilda Radulescu (Radu). She married a pharmacist Gheorghe Moraru and had five children out of which only two survived, Matilda Virginia and Maria-Florica.

Gaspar Graziani 

Gaspar (or Gaşpar, Gasparo) Graziani (also credited as Grazziani, Gratiani and Graţiani; Kasper Gratiani in Polish; ca. 1575/1580–1620) was Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia between February 4OS/February 14 NS 1619 and September 19 OS/September 29 NS 1620 (see Adoption of the Gregorian calendar).

Early life

Gaspar Graziani is of Italian  or Croatian origin and is assumed that he originate from Bihać area. Word "Croatian" along with his name(Croat Gašpar Graziani) exist in European and Ottoman sources. An polyglot born in Dalmatia, Graziani had been in service to several European powers: he was an interpreter for the English diplomatic mission in the Ottoman Empire, and then an envoy of both Grand Duke of Tuscany Cosimo II and the Spanish Viceroy of Naples to the Porte, negotiating the release of Christian sailors captured by Barbary pirates.

The sultan awarded Graziani the title of Duke of Paros and Naxos in 1616 ; he became a close ally of the Doges and, like his predecessor and rival Radu Mihnea, a self-declared admirer of the Serenissime system of government; Graziani also married into a family of Venetian patricians.

In Moldavia

Appointed Dragoman, he was charged by the Turks with missions in the Holy Roman Empire, and nevertheless acted as a spy in favour of the Habsburgs. These activities, along with bribery and promises of absolute loyalty to the Porte, gathered Graziani the support he needed in his bid for the Moldavian throne. In order to qualify for the customary requirements, he quickly converted from Roman Catholicism to Eastern Orthodoxy and accepted the sacraments. On his way to Moldavia, he was received in Adrianople by a delegation of 20 boyars, and is said to have been acclaimed by thousands upon his arrival on the shores of the Danube.

He organized an armed guard of 500 for his personal defence, and defied the Ottomans by starting negotiations for an alliance with Poland's King Sigismund III Vasa. The Sultan ordered him removed and a kapucu was sent for this purpose; Graziani had the envoy and his 300-strong retinue massacred. He managed to contribute with a minuscule number of his troops to hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski's effort and was present at the Battle of Cecora, but, as he was making his way to refuge in Poland, he was murdered in the village of Branişte (nowadays in Rîşcani, Republic of Moldova) by two of his boyars, Şeptilici and Goia, who were fearful of Ottoman reprisals.

His life was the subject of Ioan Slavici's 1888 tragedy, Gaspar Gratiani.

And that's are your stories for today. Tomorrow we will learn about Alexandru VII Iliaș, Radu Mihnea, Miron Barnovschi-Movilă, Alexandru VIII Cocorul , Moise Movilă, Vasile Lupu, Gheorghe II Stefan, Gheorghe III Ghica , Constantin Șerban, Ștefan X Lupu and Eustratie Dabja.

Until tomorrow 

Be nice and listen to your mummy. 

I'm so sorry because another day was passed and I didn't hug you! Please forgive me!

I miss you a lot my little penguin 🐧!

I love you infinite ♾️!